Yuav Ua Li Cas Xaiv Cov Ntawv Pov Hwm Kev Nyab Xeeb thiab Txhim Kho Cov Nplaim Retardant

Thaum xaiv cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab, xaiv qhov kev nyab xeeb thiab txhim khu kev qha yog hais txog ntau dua li ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau muaj kev nyab xeeb hluav taws kub. Nws yog hais txog kev ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb -xws li cov lej cim, barcodes, ceeb toom kev nyab xeeb, thiab cov cim ua raws cai- tseem muaj txiaj ntsig thiab ruaj khov nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej huab cua, suav nrog kub kub, tshuaj lom neeg, thiab hluav taws xob sib cuag.

Phau ntawv qhia no yog tsim los pab koj taug txoj kev xaiv nrog kev ntseeg siab. Los ntawm kev nkag siab txog cov ntawv pov thawj kev nyab xeeb tseem ceeb, cov khoom siv, cov qauv kev ua raws li ib puag ncig, thiab kev ua pov thawj ntawm tus neeg muag khoom, koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab paub txog kev tiv thaiv tib neeg thiab cov khoom.

Cov ntaub ntawv cim npe tsis yog tsim los tiv thaiv cov xwm txheej thermal. Thaum raug hluav taws kub los yog kub heev, cov ntawv zoo tib yam tuaj yeem ignite, tsim cov pa luam yeeb, yaj, lossis tsuas yog ua tsis tau. Qhov kev ua tsis tiav no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim loj hauv cov ntawv thov uas cov ntaub ntawv taug qab thiab kev nyab xeeb yog lub luag haujlwm - tseem ceeb -xav lithium- ion roj teeb pob, aerospace wiring harnesses, automotive engine compartments, los yog industrial control panels.

Cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab, los ntawm qhov sib txawv, yog lub hom phiaj- tsim los tiv thaiv hluav taws kub, tiv thaiv nplaim taws, thiab tswj kom muaj txiaj ntsig txawm tias tom qab raug cua sov. Lawv raug tsim los siv cov yeeb yaj kiab tshwj xeeb thiab cov nplaum nplaum uas tus kheej - tua tsis pub dhau lub vib nas this thiab tiv thaiv cov nplaim taws los ntawm kev kis hluav taws mus rau cov khoom nyob ib puag ncig. Ib yam khoom uas sau tias " nplaim taws retardant" yam tsis muaj tus qauv siv yog qhov tseem ceeb tsis tuaj yeem lees paub; Cov ntawv pov thawj ywj pheej muab ib qho piv txwv uas cov neeg yuav khoom thiab cov neeg tswj hwm tuaj yeem tso siab rau.

• UL 94 Flammability Rating txhais tau li cas

Txoj kev lees paub dav dav tshaj plaws rau kev ntsuas qhov flammability ntawm cov yas thiab cov khoom siv hluavtaws yogUAS 94, luam tawm los ntawm Underwriters Laboratories. Cov txheej txheem no faib cov ntaub ntawv raws li lawv tus cwj pwm thaum lub sij hawm thiab tom qab raug hluav taws kub. Rau cov nplaim hluav taws kub nyhiab, UL 94 VTM-0 (Vertical Thin Material) thiab V-0 yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.

A UL 94 V-0 qhov ntsuas yuav tsum kom cov khoom siv tua tus kheej tsis pub dhau 10 vib nas this tom qab cov nplaim hluav taws raug tshem tawm thiab ua kom tsis muaj nplaim taws uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov paj rwb hauv qab cov qauv kuaj. Qhov kev ua tau zoo no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov ntawv sau uas siv hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov roj teeb modules, thiab lwm qhov chaw kaw qhov twg txawm tias cov nplaim hluav taws me me tuaj yeem ua rau hluav taws kub.

• UL 969: Daim ntawv lo -Specific Standard

Tshaj li cov khoom flammability, UL 969 yog tus qauv uas tshwj xeeb hais txog kev kuaj thiab tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov ntawv thiab cov cim qhia. Thaum UL 94 tsom mus rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis zoo, UL 969 tshuaj xyuas cov ntawv sau ua tiav- suav nrog facestock, nplaum, thiab luam ntawv- nyob rau hauv - lub ntiaj teb cov xwm txheej xws li kub caij tsheb kauj vab, av noo, tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab UV durability. Thaum muab cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab, nrhiav cov khoom uas muaj UL 94 VTM-0 (los yog V-0) ntawv pov thawj thiab UL 969 kev lees paub los xyuas kom meej kev nyab xeeb thiab kev ua tau zoo.

• Kev lag luam-Cov qauv tshwj xeeb

Cov kev lag luam sib txawv tswj hwm lawv tus kheej cov kev cai tiv thaiv hluav taws. Rau cov ntawv thov tsheb, FMVSS 302 (Tsoomfwv Tsav Xwm Saib Xyuas Kev Nyab Xeeb Kev Nyab Xeeb Lub Tsheb No. 302) tswj hwm cov nplaim taws ntawm cov khoom siv sab hauv, thiab cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab tau siv hauv tsheb yuav tsum dhau qhov kev ntsuas kub no. Rau aerospace, cov qauv xws li BSS 7238 (kev haus luam yeeb ntom) thiab BSS 7239 (toxicity) feem ntau xav tau ntxiv rau cov nplaim taws. Rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, IEC 60332 cov qauv siv rau cov cables thiab cov khoom sib txuas, thov kom cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab tau txwv txawm tias nyob rau hauv kev teeb tsa.

Thaum soj ntsuam daim ntawv lo, nco ntsoov nug tus neeg muag khoom uas cov qauv tshwj xeeb uas cov khoom tau raug sim thiab seb puas muaj cov ntawv xeem thib peb - tog twg los.

Cov khoom siv substrate ntawm nplaim hluav taws retardant daim ntawv txiav txim siab nws qhov kub thiab txias, tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab kav ntev. Cov kev xaiv feem ntau poob rau hauv peb pawg.

• Polyimide (PI)

Polyimide muaj qhov tshwj xeeb siab - kev ua haujlwm kub, nrog rau kev txwv kev ua haujlwm mus txog 260℃(500℃F). Nws tiv taus luv luv - lub sij hawm thermal peaks cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem hluav taws xob sib dhos xws li yoj soldering thiab reflow. Polyimide cov ntawv tseem paub txog cov pa luam yeeb tsawg thiab cov yam ntxwv tsis muaj toxicity nyob rau hauv combustion. Qhov no ua rau lawv qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau cov ntawv thov suav nrog cov ntawv luam tawm hauv Circuit Board taug qab, kev txheeb xyuas cov pob roj teeb, kev xaim hluav taws xob, thiab siab -voltage component labeling.

• Nplaim Retardant Polyester (FR PET)

FR PET muab kev daws teeb meem nyiaj txiag ntau dua thaum tseem tab tom ntsibUL 94 VTM-0nplaim taws ntsuas. Nws feem ntau ua haujlwm txog li 150℃(302℃F) thiab yooj yim luam tawm siv cov txheej txheem thermal hloov lossis cov khoom siv laser luam ntawv. Polyester cov ntawv tiv thaiv kev ncab thiab rhuav, muaj qhov ruaj khov, thiab tsim nyog rau cov hlua khi, cov khoom siv vaj huam sib luag, kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv, thiab cov khoom siv dav dav. FR PET yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws thaum muaj kev txwv nyiaj txiag tab sis nplaim hluav taws tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam.

• Lwm yam khoom siv xaiv

Nyob ntawm daim ntawv thov, lwm cov substrates yuav tsim nyog. Vinyl daim ntaub muaj kev yooj yim thiab tshem tawm rau daim ntawv sau npe ib ntus, txawm tias nws qhov kub thiab txias yog nqaim. Tedlar® (polyvinyl fluoride) muab tus kheej - tua cov khoom thiab yog qhov zoo tagnrho rau kev sau npe siab - qhov chaw kub, ntsib FMVSS 302 rau kev siv tsheb. Polycarbonate zaj duab xis nrog VTM-0 kev ntsuam xyuas kuj muaj rau cov ntawv thov kom pom tseeb thiab nplaim taws.

• Ib txoj cai siv tau

Siv polyimide rau qhov kub siab tshaj plaws thiab ntev - lub sij hawm siab - qhov kub thiab txias. Siv FR PET rau qhov dav dav - lub hom phiaj nplaim hluav taws- retardant xav tau qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm tus nqi yog qhov tseem ceeb.

Nplaim retardant daim ntawv lo yog ua raws li kev cai nruj ib puag ncig. Ib txwm halogenated nplaim retardants, thaum ua tau zoo, tuaj yeem tso cov roj corrosive thiab tshuaj lom thaum hlawv, ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig. Halogen- lwm txoj kev pub dawb, feem ntau ua raws li cov phosphorus, nitrogen, lossis cov ntxhia hauv cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke, ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm hluav taws yam tsis muaj cov khoom puas tsuaj.

Cov kev cai tswj hwm uas cuam tshuam rau cov nplaim hluav taws kub retardant xaiv muaj xws li:

RoHS thiab REACH: Cov European Union's RoHS Cov Lus Qhia txwv tsis pub cov nplaim hluav taws xob halogenated hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob. REACH ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo-raws li kev ntsuas thiab txhawb kev tsim kho tshiab hauv cov thev naus laus zis tsis yog-halogenated.

Halogen- qhov pib pub dawb: Rau cov khoom tsim nyog raws li halogen-dawb, chlorine thiab bromine concentrations yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 900 ppm ib tus zuj zus, nrog rau tag nrho ua ke hauv qab 1,500 ppm, raws li IEC 61249-2-21.

Thaum xaiv cov ntawv, qhia halogen{0}} cov khoom siv dawb yog tias koj cov khoom yuav raug muag hauv khw muag khoom. Thov cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv ua raws cai los xyuas kom meej tias daim ntawv lo ua tau raws li cov txheej txheem no.

Nplaim taws tiv thaiv ib leeg tsis txaus yog tias cov nplaum ua tsis tau raws li qhov kub, tshuaj lom neeg, lossis kev ntxhov siab. FR acrylic siab- cov nplaum nplaum yog tsim tshwj xeeb rau cov cheeb tsam hnyav, muab kev sib txuas rau cov hlau, cov yas nyuaj, qis- nto- cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab hmoov- coated tiav.

Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm adhesive suav nrog:

Kub tiv taus: Xyuas kom cov nplaum qhov kev pab cuam qhov kub thiab txias sib phim koj daim ntawv thov thermal profile. Qee cov nplaum tiv thaiv kev sib kis ntawm -40℃mus rau 150℃lossis siab dua.

Tshuaj tiv thaiv: Adhesives nyob rau hauv nplaim taws retardant daim ntawv yuav tsum tiv cov roj, coolants, ntxuav cov neeg ua hauj, thiab cov kuab tshuaj feem ntau ntsib nyob rau hauv industrial ib puag ncig.

Kev txhoj puab heev: Rau kev ntxhib los mos lossis siab - lub zog saum npoo, qhia cov khoom siv nrog FR nplaum nplaum uas tuav lub zog ntawm kev vibration thiab thermal cycling.

Gap-cov khoom ntxiv: Rau qhov chaw tsis sib xws lossis nkhaus, siab -cov nplaum nplaum nrog qhov sib txawv- muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntev dua - lub sij hawm sib txuas.

Ib txwm sim daim ntawv lo rau ntawm qhov chaw tsim khoom tiag tiag ua ntej kev xa tawm tag nrho txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov adhesion, luam tawm durability, thiab nplaim taws ua haujlwm.

Kev lag luam nplaim hluav taws xob muaj cov khoom lag luam uas ua rau tsis lees paub. Tiv thaiv koj tus kheej los ntawm kev ua raws cov txheej txheem pov thawj.

Kauj Ruam Ib: Txheeb Xyuas Cov Ntawv Pov Thawj

Daim ntawv cim hluav taws xob raug cai yuav qhia meej txog cov qauv uas nws ua tau. Tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv hais txog UL 94 VTM-0 lossis V-0, UL 969, thiab cov qauv kev lag luam tshwj xeeb xws li FMVSS 302 lossis BSS 7238. Ib daim ntawv lo uas hais tias "teeb ​​​​meem hluav taws xob" yam tsis tau hais txog tus qauv tshwj xeeb yog qhov tsis raug cai. Thov tus neeg muag khoom tus lej UL cov ntaub ntawv thiab xyuas cov ntawv pov thawj los ntawm UL daim ntawv pov thawj online thaum twg los tau.

Kauj Ruam 2: Tshawb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv muab khoom siv

Cov neeg muag khoom muaj koob npe muab cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev paub zoo uas suav nrog:

Cov ntaub ntawv muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab halogen-dawb tshaj tawm

UL 94 kev faib tawm thiab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj

Adhesive kev ua tau zoo specifications (kub ntau, tev lub zog, shear resistance)

Tshuaj tiv thaiv profiles

Printing compatibility thiab ribbon pom zoo

Cov neeg muag khoom yuav tsum tuaj yeem muab REACH thiab RoHS cov lus tshaj tawm ua raws li kev thov.

Kauj Ruam 3: Thov Kev Ntsuas Cov Qauv

Ua ntej tso ntau qhov kev txiav txim, muab cov khoom tsim tawm -cov qauv sawv cev thiab ua pov thawj lawv raws li koj qhov kev ua haujlwm tiag tiag. Ntsuam xyuas cov ntawv rau:

Luam ntawv legibility thiab barcode scan kev cia siab tom qab thermal cycling

Adhesive bond zog tom qab raug rau cov tshuaj npaj thiab kub

Kev ua tau zoo ntawm nplaim taws siv txoj kev kuaj pom zoo (nrog rau kev tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb tsim nyog)

Kauj Ruam 4: Tshawb xyuas cov ntawv pov thawj cuav

Cov ntawv pov thawj UL thiab cov ntawv pov thawj cuav muaj nyob hauv khw. Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas daim ntawv pov thawj cuav, ua peb qhov - kauj ruam kev soj ntsuam: xyuas cov ntawv pov thawj tus lej, txheeb xyuas cov ntawv pov thawj ntawm lub cev, thiab paub meej tias tus lej xov tooj ntawm lub cev sib raug rau lub chaw kuaj pom zoo hauv cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj xws li NANDO rau CE daim ntawv pov thawj. Tsis txhob cia siab rau tus muag khoom lub logo lossis cov ntawv luam tawm yam tsis muaj kev pov thawj ywj pheej.

Kauj Ruam 5: Ntsuam xyuas tus neeg muab khoom siv ntev thiab pob tshab

Ntev - cov tuam txhab tsim khoom lag luam nrog cov npe tsim thiab kev ua lag luam pob tshab tsis tshua muaj peev xwm muab cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug raws li -. Nug txog tus neeg muag khoom txoj kev tswj xyuas qhov zoo (ISO 9001 daim ntawv pov thawj yog qhov qhia tau zoo), hauv -lub peev xwm kuaj hauv tsev, thiab txaus siab muab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj rau txhua pawg tsim khoom.

Nkag siab txog daim ntawv thov ib puag ncig coj cov khoom siv thiab ntawv pov thawj xaiv.

Electronics thiab PCB Assembly: Cov ntawv sau yuav tsum muaj sia nyob yoj yoj yoj, reflow ncu, thiab ntxuav chemistry thaum ua tau raws li UL 94 VTM-0 tus qauv. Polyimide daim ntawv lo yog cov kev daws teeb meem.

Lithium{0}}Ion roj teeb pob: Cov roj teeb xav tau cov ntawv cim uas tsis yog tsuas yog tiv thaiv cov nplaim taws xwb tab sis kuj tseem tiv thaiv cov nplaim hluav taws xob- yog vim li cas tseem ceeb UL 94 VTM-0 nrog kev ua haujlwm tsis muaj dej tau teev tseg.

Automotive Engine Compartments thiab interiors: Hauv qab - hood ib puag ncig xav tau roj, kev co, thiab kub txog li 150℃lossis siab dua. Kev ua raws FMVSS 302 feem ntau yuav tsum tau ua.

Aerospace thiab Avionics: Cov ntawv sau yuav tsum ua tau raws li ntau tus qauv suav nrog UL 94, qis- haus luam yeeb, qis- cov kev cai toxicity (BSS 7238/7239), thiab FAA kev pom zoo rau cov ntawv thov tshwj xeeb.

Cov cuab yeej siv thiab tswj vaj huam sib luag: Cov ntawv sau yuav tsum tiv thaiv cov tshuaj ntxuav, puas tsuaj, thiab thermal cycling thaum tswj kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg rau cov lus ceeb toom thiab kev txheeb xyuas cov khoom siv.

Hlau thiab Cable Identification: Tus kheej-laminating qhwv- nyob ib ncig ntawm daim ntawv lo thiab chij cov ntawv ua los ntawm cov nplaim hluav taws kub nyhiab polyester ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov tais kaw thiab cov txee tswj, qhov twg cov nplaim hluav taws yuav tsum muaj.

Dab tsi Ua Nplaim Retardant Labels txawv ntawm Standard Labels

Tsis zoo li cov cim kev daws teeb meem zoo tib yam, nplaim taws ntsuas cov ntawv sau ua haujlwm nquag tiv thaiv hluav taws thiab inhibit nplaim taws. Qhov sib txawv no yog qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv txhua qhov xwm txheej uas yuav tsum muaj cov khoom tiv thaiv - qib hluav taws kub. Txheem cov ntawv yaj lossis ignite; nplaim retardant daim ntawv lo rau tus kheej - tua.

Thaum ntsuas cov nplaim hluav taws kub nyhiab rau koj daim ntawv thov, siv cov npe hauv qab no:

Daim ntawv pov thawj kev nyab xeeb: Puas yog daim ntawv lo muaj UL 94 VTM-0 lossis V-0 rating? Puas yog UL 969 kev lees paub tseem lees paub?

Khoom haum: Puas yog polyimide xav tau rau siab - kub raug (txog 260 degree) lossis FR PET puas txaus (txog 150 degree)?

Kev ua raws li ib puag ncig: Puas yog daim ntawv lo halogen - dawb? Nws puas ua tau raws li RoHS thiab REACH cov cai rau koj lub hom phiaj kev lag luam?

Adhesive kev ua haujlwm: Puas yog cov nplaum haum rau koj qhov chaw (hlau, yas, hmoov-coated, qis- nto- zog) thiab ib puag ncig thermal?

Printing compatibility: Puas yog daim ntawv lees txais thermal hloov lossis laser luam ntawv nrog cov ribbon tsim nyog rau kev tuav barcode ruaj khov?

Kev lag luam- cov cai tshwj xeeb: Puas yog daim ntawv thov xav tau FMVSS 302, BSS 7238/7239, lossis lwm cov qauv kev lag luam ntxiv rau UL 94?

Kev txheeb xyuas tus neeg muab khoom: Tus neeg muag khoom puas tuaj yeem muab -cov ntaub ntawv xeem thib peb, UL cov ntaub ntawv xov tooj, thiab tag nrho cov lus tshaj tawm ua raws?

Qauv validation: Koj puas tau sim cov ntawv sau raws li koj qhov kev ua haujlwm tiag tiag ua ntej xaj kom muaj ntau lawm?

Kev txiav txim zaum kawg

Kev xaiv cov ntawv nplaum uas muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab txhim khu kev qha yuav tsum muaj kev sib npaug ntawm qhov hluav taws kub kev nyab xeeb, cov khoom siv ntev, kev ua raws li ib puag ncig, thiab daim ntawv thov - cov kev cai tshwj xeeb. Qhov qis tshaj - kev xaiv tus nqi tsis tshua muaj qhov kev xaiv raug thaum cov khoom lag luam muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab kev ua raws li txoj kab. Ib yam li ntawd, cov khoom muaj ntawv pov thawj feem ntau yuav tsis tsim nyog rau cov ntawv thov nrog cov kev xav tau ntawm cov thermal tsawg.

Txoj kev nyab xeeb tshaj plaws yog ua haujlwm nrog tus neeg muag khoom muaj npe nrov uas nkag siab txog koj txoj kev lag luam, tuaj yeem muab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj tag nrho, thiab yuav txhawb nqa kev sim ntawm cov khoom siv tiag tiag. Cov ntawv nplaum uas tau xaiv cov nplaim hluav taws kom raug ua tau ntau dua li tsuas yog ua tau raws li cov qauv yam tsawg kawg nkaus xwb-lawv muab cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv hluav taws uas tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej, chaw, thiab tib neeg lub neej.

Q1: Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm UL 94 V-0 thiab UL 94 VTM-0 rau cov ntawv lo?

UL 94 V-0 siv rau cov qauv khoom yas, thaum UL 94 VTM-0 yog cov qauv rau cov ntaub ntawv nyias (zaj duab xis thiab hloov pauv tau yooj yim), uas yog qhov ntsuas cuam tshuam rau feem ntau cov ntawv siab. Ob leeg yuav tsum tau tua tus kheej tsis pub dhau 10 vib nas this uas tsis muaj flaming drips uas ignite paj rwb.

Q2: Kuv yuav ua li cas thiaj paub tseeb tias cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab tau ntawv pov thawj tiag?

Thov tus neeg muag khoom tus lej UL cov ntaub ntawv thiab saib daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm UL daim ntawv pov thawj online online. Cov cim UL raug cai tuaj yeem taug qab tau rau cov lej tshwj xeeb thiab cov khoom lag luam. Kuj lees paub tias cov ntawv luam tawm siv cov qauv tiag tiag uas lawv tau ntsib (piv txwv li, "UL 94 VTM-0"), tsis yog cov ntsiab lus "flame retardant" xwb.

Q3: Puas yog cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab tau xav tau cov cuab yeej luam ntawv tshwj xeeb lossis ribbons?

Feem ntau cov nplaim retardant cov ntawv yog optimized rau thermal hloov luam ntawv rau siab tshaj plaws durability thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv. Siv cov ribbons resin validated rau cov facestock tshwj xeeb los xyuas kom meej khawb tsis kam, hnyav tsis kam, thiab ntev -lub sij hawm barcode nyeem tau. Qee cov khoom kuj txhawb laser lossis flexographic luam ntawv.

Q4: Kuv yuav ua li cas yog tias kuv daim ntawv thov yuav tsum muaj cov pa luam yeeb tsawg thiab tsis muaj tshuaj lom ntxiv rau cov nplaim taws?

Qhia meej cov ntawv uas tau raug kuaj rau BSS 7238 (kev haus luam yeeb ntom ntom) thiab BSS 7239 (toxicity) cov qauv, ntxiv rau UL 94 VTM-0. Polyimide cov ntawv feem ntau tsim cov pa luam yeeb tsawg dua thiab cov pa roj tsawg dua li PET lwm txoj hauv kev sib xyaw.

Q5: Qhov twg cov nplaim hluav taws kub nyhiab cov ntawv feem ntau tsis ua haujlwm?

Cov hom kev ua tsis tau zoo tshaj plaws yog cov nplaum degradation nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias ua rau cov ntawv tshem tawm, thiab luam tawm fading los yog smearing vim muaj tshuaj lom neeg los yog incompatible print ribbons. Ob qho teeb meem no tuaj yeem zam dhau los ntawm kev xaiv cov khoom tsim nyog thiab kev lees paub tus neeg siv khoom